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Technological innovations can contribute to more environment- friendly production and consumption practices. The market for eco- innovation very much depends on government's environmental policies. We discuss the technology impacts of national environmental policies in developed countries and the pros and cons of diff erent policy instruments (standards, taxes, tradable permits, subsidies, communication, and covenants) for stimulating the development and use of eco- innovation. While national policies may be suitable to address local environmental problems, the protection of global commons cannot be achieved through national policies alone. International policies are needed but the sovereignty of national governments is a complicating factor. To fi ll this governance gap, we advocate a more prominent role for international non- governmental organisations (NGOs) for pressing governments into international agreements and for raising the intrinsic motivation and consciousness of producers and consumers. We elaborate the case for NGO action with the help of the analytical framework of exit, voice, and loyalty. © Frank Wijen, Kees Zoeteman, Jan Pieters, and Paul van Seters 2012. All rights reserved.