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This introductory chapter focuses on the co-evolution of science, technology, and innovation policy and industrial structure in Norway. It develops an evolutionary and historically oriented approach to the study of the development of science, technology, and innovation policy that may have wide applicability. Moreover, it focuses on a particular type of innovation - innovation in resource-based activities - that differs in many respects from the more commonly studied 'high-tech' case and which arguably be of relevance for many other countries (not the least in the developing part of the world). Finally, the chapter emphasizes the roles played by institutions and politics in innovation. Arguably, previous work on national systems of innovation has often devoted little attention to these matters, possibly because much of it examines 'snapshots' of various innovation systems at a specific point in time and lacks historical depth. © Oxford University Press 2009. All rights reserved.