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This chapter presents an empirical analysis of the patterns of innovation, economic structure, and industrial dynamics that characterize the Norwegian system at present. It investigates whether the three historical paths of Norwegian economic development identified in Chapter 2 have left 'fingerprints' on the present characteristics of the Norwegian innovation system. It argues that these paths have favoured the strengthening of a resource-based economic structure, and this represents one important factor to explain the low innovation intensity that characterizes the Norwegian system at present. The empirical analysis identifies three major sectoral patterns of innovation, which by and large reflect the development of the three historical paths: science-based innovators, low-intensity innovators, and resource-based innovators. In contrast to previous findings in the industrial dynamics literature, the chapter finds the former group of industries to be less entrepreneurial than commonly assumed, and the latter type of industries to be more turbulent and competitive than it is the case in other countries. © Oxford University Press 2009. All rights reserved.