• Patin, E.,
• Lopez, M.,
• Grollemund, R.,
• Verdu, P.,
• Harmant, C.,
• Quach, H.,
• Laval, G.,
• Perry, G.H.,
• Barreiro, L.B.,
• Froment, A.,
• Heyer, E.,
• Massougbodji, A.,
• Fortes-Lima, C.,
• Migot-Nabias, F.,
• Bellis, G.,
• Dugoujon, J.-M.,
• Pereira, J.B.,
• Fernandes, V.,
• Pereira, L.,
• Van Der Veen, L.,
• Mouguiama-Daouda, P.,
• Bustamante, C.D.,
• Hombert, J.-M.,
• Quintana-Murci, L.
• View Correspondence (jump link)

• ^aHuman Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
• ^bCentre National de La Recherche Scientifique URA3012, Paris, 75015, France
• ^cCenter of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
• ^dEvolutionary Biology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BX, United Kingdom
• ^eDepartments of English and Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
• ^fCentre National de La Recherche Scientifique UMR7206, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75016, France
• ^gDepartments of Anthropology and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
• ^hUniversité de Montréal, Centre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
• ⁱInstitut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, UMR 208, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75005, France
• ^jCentre d'Etude et de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin
• ^kInstitut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB), 01 BP 188, Cotonou, Benin
• ^lAnthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse Cedex 3, 31073, France
• ^mInstitut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, UMR 216, Paris, 75006, France
• ⁿCommunautés d'Universités et Etablissements (COMUE), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France
• ^oInstitut National d'Etudes Démographiques, Paris, 75020, France
• ^pInstituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
• ^qInstituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular Da Universidade Do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
• ^rFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
• ^sCentre National de La Recherche Scientifique UMR 5596, Dynamique du Langage, Université Lumière-Lyon 2, Lyon, 69007, France
• ^tLaboratoire Langue, Culture et Cognition (LCC), Université Omar Bongo, Libreville, 13131, Gabon
• ^uDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
• ^vDepartment of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States

Indexed keywords

Chemicals and CAS Registry Numbers:

lactase, 9031-11-2;

HLA Antigens; Lactase

Funding details

• 1

  We thank all participants who donated samples and participated in this study. We thank C. Schlebusch and G. Hellenthal for helpful discussions. We thank E. Soumonni, a historian whose advice guided the recruitment of Beninese individuals, and J.-P. Chippaux (CERPAGE, Cotonou, Benin) for his help with local authorities. We thank the African Variation Genome Project, the Data Access Committee Chair for the National Human Genome Research Institute (particularly V. Ota Wang), the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Genome-Wide Association Study, the Multiethnic Cohort Study, the Gene, Environment Association Studies consortium (GENEVA), and the Health Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study for kindly providing access to their data. Detailed acknowledgments can be found elsewhere (10). This work was funded by the Institut Pasteur, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) grant AGRHUM (ANR-14-CE02-0003-01), and the "Histoire du G?nome des Populations Humaines Gabonaises" project (Institut Pasteur/Republic of Gabon). The newly generated SNP genotype data have been deposited in the European Genome-Phenome Archive under accession code EGAS00001002078.