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A necessity in the development of the comparative grammar of the Russian and Tajik languages and a need in solving of many disputable issues of the syntactic knowledge, moreover, the lack of fundamental researches on comparative studying of the words order in Russian and Tajik allows to define our research as for actual. The objectives of the article are studying of the words order in Russian and Tajik within comparative and typological aspects formulization of peculiarities of interaction between the structural-grammar and actual aspects of studying of words order in sentences of the languages themselves. In order to achieve the objectives, the authors used a method of direct observation of word arrangement in texts when expressing the grammatical and logical base of the sentence; linguistic experiment the content whereof is various types of transformation; comparative method by means whereof differences are exposed in communicative structures of analyzed sentences, statements and types of words order in sentences and statements and descriptive method. Studying of variants of syntactic structures in the two languages expose national specificity of the semantics of the verbal execution of a statement in these consistencies/inconsistencies. The results allow expansion of theoretical knowledge of the role of words order and other means of actual articulation of a sentence in the Russian and Tajik languages as well as working out the theory of words order in sentences, the communicative structure of a sentence and functional grammar. © 2019, Slovenska Vzdelavacia Obstaravacia. All rights reserved.