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Self-assembled conducting, paramagnetic polyaniline nanotubes have been synthesized by the oxidative polymerization of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate in aqueous medium in the presence of zeolite HZSM-5, without added acid. The influence of initial zeolite/aniline weight ratio on the conductivity, molecular and supramolecular structure, paramagnetic characteristics, thermal stability, and specific surface area of poly aniline/zeolite composites was studied. The conducting (∼10^-2S cm^-1), semiconducting (3 × 10^-5 S cm^-1), and nonconducting (5 × 10^-9 S cm^-1) composites are produced using the zeolite/aniline weight ratios 1, 5, and 10, respectively. The coexistence of polyaniline nanotubes, which have a typical outer diameter of 70-170 nm and an inner diameter of 5-50 nm, accompanied by nanorods with a diameter of 60-100 nm and polyaniline/zeolite mesoporous aggregates, distinct from the morphology of mieroporous zeolite HZSM-5, was proved in the conducting nanocomposite by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of polyaniline in the form of conducting emeraldine salt and suggested significant interaction of polyaniline with zeolite. The evolution of molecular and supramolecular structure of polyaniline in the presence of zeolite was discussed. © Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society.