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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether children from Early Bronze Age and modern populations differ in terms of the width of the neonatal line (NNL) and the occurrence of accentuated lines in enamel. Design: The sample (N = 59) consisted of two groups: 29 deciduous teeth removed from the jaws of children (dental age range from 1 to 10 years) whose skeletal remains were found in Early Bronze archaeological graves in Mokrin Serbia, and 30 present-day exfoliated deciduous teeth from 6 to 11 year old children. Mothers, whose children participated in this study, provided information regarding their health during pregnancy. The analysis was carried out on ground sections with a scanning electron microscope. Two clinicians measured the width of the NNL and counted the accentuated lines in the enamel. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the children from the two groups regarding the width of the NNL. The width of the NNL between children whose mothers were healthy and diagnosed with gestational diabetes was significantly different. Most subjects did not have accentuated lines in the prenatal enamel, regardless of whether they were from the Bronze or Modern age. Accentuated lines were dominantly found in the postnatal enamel of the children from the Early Bronze age. Conclusions: This study is the first to investigate the width of the NNL in teeth of Maros children and Serbian children from the modern age. The wider NNL of children from the Early Bronze age indicates the possibility that they have experienced more overall stress in perinatal life. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd